测试用例设计

1.项目计划

• 制定测试计划
  对象 （What）——什么事情
  场所 （Where）——什么地点
  时间和程序 （When）——什么时候
  人员 （Who）——责任人
  为什么（Why）——原因
  方式 （How）——如何
  通盘考虑能遇见的活动集合及异常风险等问题，提早构思弥补方案
• 测试范围
  项目的测试范围，个人的测试范围
• 项目设定目标
• 规划活动

项目简介	自动化地实现在去哪儿网订购火车票的目的
项目启动前置条件	1.去哪儿网正常工作 2.自动化测试环境准备完毕
项目覆盖场景	1.火车票查询页面 2.车次列表页面 3.订票页面

2.测试用例

项目实战脚本

• 需求分析
• 业务场景覆盖
• 业务分拆多个页面
• 页面元素分析
• 难点分析

基本代码

from selenium import webdriver
import timefrom selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keysdriver = webdriver.Chrome("chromedriver.exe")
url = "https://www.qunar.com/"
driver.get(url)
driver.maximize_window()
driver.implicitly_wait(5)
action = ActionChains(driver)# 进入“火车票”栏
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='js_nva_cgy']/li[3]").click()
time.sleep(2)
# 始发站“北京”
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "fromStation").send_keys("北京")
time.sleep(1)
# 点击空白处
action.move_by_offset(0, 0)
action.click()
action.perform()
# 到达站“济南”
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "toStation").send_keys("济南")
time.sleep(2)
# 点击空白处
action.move_by_offset(0, 0)
action.click()
action.perform()
# 定位到“日期”
el_date = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "date")
# 两种删除方法：
# for i in "2022-05-22":
#     el_date.send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)
el_date.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, "a")
el_date.send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)time.sleep(1)
# 输入日期
el_date.send_keys("2022-05-22")
time.sleep(2)
# 点击空白处
action.move_by_offset(0, 0)
action.click()
action.perform()
# 点击“查询”
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "stsSearch").click()# 点击购买
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='list_listInfo']/ul[2]/li[2]/div/div[7]/a[1]/span").click()
driver.implicitly_wait(8)# 输入姓名，身份证
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "contact_name").send_keys("张三")
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "contact_phone").send_keys("132809199806011427")time.sleep(4)
driver.quit()  # 推出

优化

1. 设置出发日期

from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta# n是第几天，n=1 明天，n=2 后天
def date_n(n):# 今天的日期+偏移量return str(date.today() + timedelta(days=int(n)))# 设置出发日期 n从今天往后的第几天
date_1 = date_n(2)
# print(date_1)

2. 封装 driver.find_element()

# 封装
def name(element):return driver.find_element(By.NAME, element)def xpath(element):return driver.find_element(By.XPATH, element)

代码重构

• 测试代码层 测试
• 业务代码层 业务
• 基础代码层 准备环境

base_function.py

# 基础代码层
from datetime import date, timedelta
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
import xlrddef date_n(n):# 今天的日期+偏移量return str(date.today() + timedelta(days=int(n)))# driver独立出来
driver = webdriver.Chrome("chromedriver.exe")def get_driver():return driver# 封装find_element
def byname(element):return driver.find_element(By.NAME, element)def xpath(element):return driver.find_element(By.XPATH, element)# url
def open_url(url):driver.get(url)driver.maximize_window()# quit
def close():driver.close()# 读测试用例文件
# ishead 是否有标题，默认没有，如果有则跳过第0行，读取第1行
def read_excel(filename, index, ishead=False):xlsx = xlrd.open_workbook(filename)sheet = xlsx.sheet_by_index(index)data = []for i in range(sheet.nrows):if i == 0:if ishead:continuedata.append(sheet.row_values(i))return data# if __name__ == '__main__':
#     print(read_excel("data.xlsx", 0, True))

qunaer_book.py

# 业务代码层
import timefrom selenium.webdriver import ActionChains, Keys
from qunaer.base_function import *def book_ticket(start, end, n, name,id):# 每执行一条用例就新创建一个driverdriver = get_driver()url = "https://www.qunar.com/"open_url(url)driver.implicitly_wait(5)action = ActionChains(driver)# 进入“火车票”栏xpath("//*[@id='js_nva_cgy']/li[3]").click()time.sleep(2)# 选择出发城市el_start = byname("fromStation")el_start.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, "a")el_start.send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)el_start.send_keys(start)time.sleep(1)# 点击空白处action.move_by_offset(0, 0)action.click()action.perform()# 选择到达城市el_end = byname("toStation")el_end.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, "a")el_end.send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)el_end.send_keys(end)time.sleep(2)# 点击空白处action.move_by_offset(0, 0)action.click()action.perform()# 设置出发日期 n从今天往后的第几天date_1 = date_n(n)# print(date_1)# 修改出发日期el_date = byname("date")# 两种删除方法：# for i in "2022-05-22":#     el_date.send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)el_date.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, "a")el_date.send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)time.sleep(1)el_date.send_keys(date_1)time.sleep(1)# 点击空白处action.move_by_offset(0, 0)action.click()action.perform()# 点击查询byname("stsSearch").click()# 点击购买xpath("//*[@id='list_listInfo']/ul[2]/li[2]/div/div[7]/a[1]/span").click()driver.implicitly_wait(8)# 输入姓名，身份证byname("contact_name").send_keys(name)byname("contact_phone").send_keys(id)time.sleep(2)# close()

test_qunaer_book.py

# 测试层
from qunaer.qunaer_book import book_ticket
from qunaer.base_function import read_excel
import pytestdata = read_excel("data.xlsx", 0, True)# 参数化
@pytest.mark.parametrize(["start", "end", "n", "name", "id"], data)
def test_book_ticket(start, end, n, name, id):# start = "北京"# end = "厦门"# n = 2# name = "张三"# id = 12001199709091234book_ticket(start, end, n, name, id)if __name__ == '__main__':pytest.main(["-s", "test_qunaer_book.py"])

data.xlsx

po模式

page object 页面对象模型：把页面当成对象，把页面中的业务放到一起，web app 中会用到
优点：

1. 页面分层 ，将页面元素和业务逻辑进行区分
2. 方便复用对象
3. 每个页面都是一个独立的测试用例
4. 自动化变得更容易

base层：基础的内容
common层：读取文件，日期处理，公共
data层：数据的文件
logs层：日志
po层：页面的逻辑（业务）代码
testcase层：测试层，存放测试代码
reports层：存放测试报告
config：配置文件

目录

base.py

from selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver import WebDriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Byclass Base():def __init__(self, driver):self.driver = driver  # type:WebDriverdef byname(self, element):return self.driver.find_element(By.NAME, element)def xpath(self, element):return self.driver.find_element(By.XPATH, element)def open_url(self, url):self.driver.get(url)self.driver.maximize_window()def close(self):self.driver.quit()

function.py

from datetime import date, timedelta
import xlrddef read_excel(filename, index, ishead=False):xlsx = xlrd.open_workbook(filename)sheet = xlsx.sheet_by_index(index)data = []for i in range(sheet.nrows):if i == 0:if ishead:continuedata.append(sheet.row_values(i))return datadef date_n(n):# 今天的日期+偏移量return str(date.today() + timedelta(days=int(n)))

book_ticket_page.py

import time
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains, Keys
from qunaer_po.base.base import Base# 查询车次页class BookTicket(Base):def wait(self):return self.driver.implicitly_wait(5)def book_into(self):return self.xpath("//*[@id='js_nva_cgy']/li[3]")def book_start(self):return self.byname("fromStation")def book_end(self):return self.byname("toStation")def move_click(self):action = ActionChains(self.driver)action.move_by_offset(0, 0)action.click()action.perform()def book_date(self, date):self.byname("date").send_keys(Keys.CONTROL, "a")self.byname("date").send_keys(Keys.BACKSPACE)self.byname("date").send_keys(date)def book_button(self):return self.byname("stsSearch")def book_ticket(self, start, end, date):# 打开url# url = "https://www.qunar.com/"# self.open_url(url)self.wait()# 进入“火车票”栏self.book_into().click()time.sleep(1)# 选择出发城市self.book_start().send_keys(start)time.sleep(1)# 点击空白处self.move_click()time.sleep(1)# 选择到达城市self.book_end().send_keys(end)time.sleep(1)# 点击空白处self.move_click()time.sleep(1)# 修改出发日期self.book_date(date)time.sleep(1)# 点击空白处self.move_click()time.sleep(1)# 点击查询self.book_button().click()time.sleep(2)

book_list_page.py

# 车次列表页
from qunaer_po.base.base import Base
import timeclass BookList(Base):def book_buy(self):return self.xpath("//*[@id='list_listInfo']/ul[2]/li[2]/div/div[7]/a[1]/span")def book_list(self):self.book_buy().click()time.sleep(2)

book_order_page.py

# 车票预订页
import timefrom qunaer_po.base.base import Baseclass BookOrder(Base):def book_name(self):return self.byname("contact_name")def book_id(self):return self.byname("contact_phone")def book_order(self, name, id):self.book_name().send_keys(name)time.sleep(1)self.book_id().send_keys(id)time.sleep(2)

test_book.py

import pytestfrom qunaer_po.po.book_ticket_page import BookTicket
from qunaer_po.po.book_list_page import BookList
from qunaer_po.po.book_order_page import BookOrder
from selenium import webdriver
from qunaer_po.common.function import read_excel, date_ndata = read_excel("../data/data.xlsx", 0, True)class Test_Book():def setup(self):self.driver = webdriver.Chrome("../chromedriver.exe")url = "https://www.qunar.com/"self.driver.get(url)self.driver.maximize_window()@pytest.mark.parametrize(["start", "end", "n", "name", "id"], data)def test_01(self, start, end, n, name, id):ticket = BookTicket(self.driver)ticket.book_ticket(start, end, date_n(n))list_b = BookList(self.driver)list_b.book_list()order = BookOrder(self.driver)order.book_order(name, id)def teardown(self):self.driver.quit()if __name__ == '__main__':pytest.main(["-s", "test_book.py"])

测试运行中，如何确定上一步正确？
可以设置断言，进入下一页后，查看url地址中有无本页的某段信息，有则说明上一步成功。获取当前url信息 driver.current_url( )