目录

一，FILE

二，缓冲区

三，重定向

系统调用dup2 

---

一，FILE

• FILE结构体内部包括
  • 变量_fileno，即对应的文件描述符下标fd；
  • 应用层C语言提供的缓冲区数据；
• 其IO相关函数与系统调用接口对应，封装了系统调用接口，本质上是通过fd访问；
• 向普通文件写入是全缓冲，向屏幕文件写入是行缓冲；

//语言层次上
int main()    
{    printf("stdin fd=%d\n",stdin->_fileno);    printf("stdout fd=%d\n",stdout->_fileno);    printf("stderr fd=%d\n",stderr->_fileno);                                        FILE* fp = fopen("log.txt", "r");    printf("log.txt fd=%d\n",fp->_fileno);    pclose(fp);    return 0;    
} 

[wz@192 Desktop]$ ./target 
stdin fd=0
stdout fd=1
stderr fd=2
log.txt fd=3

//路径/usr/include/stdio.htypedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;  

//路径/usr/include/libio.h
struct _IO_FILE {int _flags;   /* High-order word is _IO_MAGIC; rest is flags. */
#define _IO_file_flags _flags/* The following pointers correspond to the C++ streambuf protocol. *//* Note:  Tk uses the _IO_read_ptr and _IO_read_end fields directly. */char* _IO_read_ptr; /* Current read pointer */char* _IO_read_end; /* End of get area. */char* _IO_read_base;  /* Start of putback+get area. */char* _IO_write_base; /* Start of put area. */char* _IO_write_ptr;  /* Current put pointer. */char* _IO_write_end;  /* End of put area. */char* _IO_buf_base; /* Start of reserve area. */char* _IO_buf_end;  /* End of reserve area. *//* The following fields are used to support backing up and undo. */char *_IO_save_base; /* Pointer to start of non-current get area. */char *_IO_backup_base;  /* Pointer to first valid character of backup area */char *_IO_save_end; /* Pointer to end of non-current get area. */struct _IO_marker *_markers;struct _IO_FILE *_chain;int _fileno;
#if 0int _blksize;
#elseint _flags2;
#endif_IO_off_t _old_offset; /* This used to be _offset but it's too small.  */#define __HAVE_COLUMN /* temporary *//* 1+column number of pbase(); 0 is unknown. */unsigned short _cur_column;signed char _vtable_offset;char _shortbuf[1];/*  char* _save_gptr;  char* _save_egptr; */_IO_lock_t *_lock;
#ifdef _IO_USE_OLD_IO_FILE
};  

二，缓冲区

int main()
{//C语言printf("hello printf\n");fprintf(stdout, "hello fprintf\n");fputs("hello fputs\n", stdout);//system callconst char* msg = "hello write\n";write(1, msg, strlen(msg));fork();return 0;
}

//向屏幕刷新策略为行缓冲
[wz@192 Desktop]$ ./target 
hello printf
hello fprintf
hello fputs
hello write

//去掉\n，除了系统调用只打印一个，其他都打印两个；
[wz@192 Desktop]$ ./target 
hello writehello printfhello fprintfhello fputshello printfhello fprintfhello fputs

//输出重定向后，刷新策略改为全缓冲
//除了系统调用只打印一个，其他都打印两个；
[wz@192 Desktop]$ ./target > log.txt
[wz@192 Desktop]$ cat log.txt 
hello write
hello printf
hello fprintf
hello fputs
hello printf
hello fprintf
hello fputs

• 库函数均刷新了两次，系统调用只刷新了一次；
• 库函数会自带缓冲区，重定向到普通文件，刷新策略会从行缓冲改为全缓冲；没有指定刷新，就会在进程结束时统一刷新；fork时，父子数据会发生写实拷贝；
• 系统调用没有所谓的用户级缓冲区，但OS会通过内核级的缓冲区；

三，重定向

//关闭默认打开的1指向的文件，即stdout
//此时新创建的文件，fd将会是1
//本来printf应打印到显示器，此时应该写入到log.txt
int main()    
{    close(1);    int fd = open("log.txt", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT, 0644);    printf("fd=%d\n",fd); close(fd);                                                                                     return 0;    
}   

//此时不仅没有打印到屏幕，也没有写入到log.txt
[wz@192 Desktop]$ ./target 
[wz@192 Desktop]$ cat log.txt 
[wz@192 Desktop]$ 

int main()    
{    close(1);    int fd = open("log.txt", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT, 0644);    printf("fd=%d\n",fd); fflush(stdout);close(fd);                                                                                     return 0;    
}   

//刷新到了log.txt文件
[wz@192 Desktop]$ ./target 
[wz@192 Desktop]$ cat log.txt 
log.txt fd=1

系统调用dup2 

int main()    
{    int fd = open("log.txt", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT, 0644);    if(fd<0){    perror("open");    }    dup2(fd,1);    const char* msg = "write dup2\n";                                                                                   write(1, msg, strlen(msg));close(fd);return 0;    
}  

//重定向后，向log.txt文件写入了
[wz@192 Desktop]$ ./target 
[wz@192 Desktop]$ cat log.txt 
write dup2

int main()    
{    int fd = open("log.txt", O_RDONLY);                                              if(fd<0){    perror("open");    }    dup2(fd,0);    char buf[1024];    ssize_t r_size = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf)-1);    if(r_size>0){buf[s]=0;printf("%s\n",buf);   } close(fd);    return 0;    
}  

//重定向后，从文件读取数据
[wz@192 Desktop]$ ./target 
wirte dup2